RELOADED speciesism.
Nonostante le numerose trattazioni ormai dell'argomento SPECISMO, sembra mancare quella che si occupi dell'origine di questo concetto/ideologia o comunque di analizzare so a little more depth from which the object around which it starts and develops. also want to state that there has not been intentionally made specific mention in detail to all practices speciesist likely to use animals for any human purpose.
It will here, for convenience, primarily considered the example of speciesism "food" so I do not want all / the people who every day strive to abolish those modes of animal exploitation perpetrated daily (vivisection, experimentation, tannery, luxury, wellness, fun).
Sense and Sensibility.
For convenience will split (knowingly in a simplistic way) human choices as if they were kind of rational or emotional or instinctual-emotional-or mixed or resulting from the combination of both spheres .
Actually it would be more correct to say that our choices are always this result and never could realistically think that the two components can not exist independently whether the quota, then it is quite another to know how to consciously detect.
Far
now beliefs reductive Manichean and popular for which reason and feeling have a specific value in itself regardless of the context, experience is now clearly established that only if these two entities are able to live harmoniously and almost dictate in harmony with one another and vice versa our choices these will be really free, and until then we always need to examine, from time to time, to direct our actions, gradually advancing toward the harmony (if the consciously decide).
This is also the experience (as well as the author of this article) English Richard Ryder who, having worked on animal experiments in 1970 first coined the term speciesism basing it on ideas (reason) from ethical emotional states (feeling) resulting from direct contact with animals ( that sentient beings ) suffering and deprived of any freedom.
The term speciesism was later outlined by the Australian philosopher Peter Singer who called it "a prejudice or attitude of prevention in favor of the interests of members of their own species and against those of members of other species "(Animal Liberation, 1975) and the American philosopher Tom Regan . However
already around the beginning of 1800 Jeremy Bentham had begun to wonder if our animals had been roommates or otherwise enjoy the privileges hitherto never even remotely imagined, considering that every living being human was commonly regarded as an object, its extreme pragmatism and its occupation of giusnaturalista and its extraordinary intelligence and enormous culture led Bentham to formulate thoughts and to ask completely new applications for its time: - There are no animals above and below, as there are upper and lower human races, but there are living beings endowed with unique features and as such respected and inviolable. The problem is not 'Can they reason? "Nor" Can they talk? "But" Can they suffer? " -
[Jeremy Bentham]
therefore defines speciesism thought discriminatory based on the idea that animals have more rights to the human species (or higher in importance) to those belonging to non-human species despite Their common characteristic of us humans to "feel" e, in alcuni casi, persino di provare sentimenti .
Senza soffermarci più del dovuto su cause e motivazioni dello SPECISMO potremmo azzardarci a motivarlo come causa di una visione antropocentrica della natura che potrebbe affondare le proprie radici un un'errata lettura del darwinismo oppure nella religione monoteista, cristianesimo a capo ( per quanto qualcuno sostenga che esso non lo sia molto più che il pensiero utilitarista ) e in moltissime politeiste (qualunque dio creazionista avrebbe progettato e “costruito” gli animali non-umani per porli al servizio degli animali umani e gli animali umani affinché vivessero attenendosi rigorosamente ai propri comandamenti e alla propria volontà, commettendo, se necessario, anche sacrifici di membri della propria specie) oppure ancora in una visione del mondo individualista o personalista (secondo una tradizione non sufficientemente olistica, dunque anacronistica) o semplicemente nell’ignoranza ( non avendo la consapevolezza di cosa possa voler dire avere degli organi di senso.
Lo SPECISMO non è che la punta dell'iceberg del retaggio culturale e sociale umano che a tutt'oggi non riesce ancora a liberarsi definitivamente (ammesso che ciò possa davvero mai avvenire) di tutta la discriminazione, dell'egoismo, del desiderio indiscriminato di ricchezza, potere, denaro, beni materiali, dominio su tutto e tutti, conseguenze del vivere per secoli, a dirla con Fromm , secondo la modalità dell' AVERE .
Per quanto premesso deduciamo allora che lo SPECISMO ha davvero motivo di esistere (Ie can be considered quite an ideology in which you can recognize it) only if it is supported by our two dichotomous spheres, if we think he could kill any living being that this dumb animals without the slightest our emotional state but also in practice is Efforts are needed to "keep cool" and "not be guided by their emotions" (phrases often when you want to convince someone to kill a sentient creature ) probably synergy "body-mind" that you spoke a moment ago, in this case, does not work at all and we are not really freely choosing (or, to put it Kant , knowing we are not adequately ).
One of the catchphrases of the anti-speciesists (and vegan), borrowed from Tolstoy, is: "if slaughterhouses had glass walls we'd all be vegetarians."
According to a study conducted by the author of this article about 90% (or more) of interviewees who eat the meat would not do more (at least according to most of their claims) in the event of procure individual to kill an animal "terrestrial" or less (actually the figure is half over, and when you take into account only the "fish", mammals separately).
Yet all those (who even profess to even up against hunting) are still eating meat and just leaving it to someone else's dirty work in places hidden under well-appointed, deciding what is ultimately going to consume is nothing but an object, any final work from the flesh of an animal killed inevitably be in effect an inert object, mixed, was almost completely "other" from the animal which it originated.
PAIN.
possible that this discomfort, discomfort, aversion why you can not so easily kill a sentient being is only a cultural factor and thus only the habit and "courage" to make the human being a murderess? And empathy is merely a weakness? It's really just a matter of immaturity, childishness, cowardice, show hesitation when we kill an ANIMAL as well as our ancestors have done since some of them began for the first time a few thousand years ago ?
all rhetorical questions, of course, if we start from assumptions such as Bentham would have identified the crucial point that is something that ends up to represent the perfect synthesis between reason and feeling.
For Bentham the main question concerns the suffering that is the feeling that, once recognized, at that time makes us equal to being living proof.
anyone, much less a superior animal, is able to assist a scene of suffering "free" (ie where a living being helpless suffering ANIMAL) without the emotional state is affected (whether consciously or not) change, without its will not automatically channeling their energies whenever possible, in an effort this time as soon as possible.
This is probably a subjective factor that is as much an individual is " sensitive " the more will easy to empathize , but recognizing a state of another living being as their chemical-mechanical manner generates almost the same perception in ourselves even if it does not "voluntarily" for the same reasons we do not feel our pain if you really want and concentrate or if lead us to ignore .
studies on pain are still very backward and still you think that the human being it is an almost perfect union between psychology and physiology so much you can hardly find an area to ' inside of the nervous system, precise and delineated, where no doubt you build ciò che definiamo DOLORE (nonostante esistano aree del cervello innegabilmente interessatevi) in cui questo stimolo venga elaborato come succede per l'essere umano o comunque per quegli esseri viventi dotati di strutture talamiche dell'encefalo; in mancanza di queste lo stimolo interesserà soltanto le regioni periferiche ( nocicezione ) e non potrà, dunque, coinvolgere la coscienza dunque l'emotività, caratteristiche proprie unicamente di quelle organizzazioni complesse.
Anche la maggior parte di cacciatori e macellai ossia tutti coloro che hanno deciso di uccidere ANIMALI per i motivi più diversi (è usually a type of food choice based on those behaviors, although the hunt, according to the fans , reasons far more "noble" so that most of them even call themselves the greatest lovers in connoisseurs the nature and living things) trying to find a way that causes less pain to the victim (that's what some do with the death penalty in modern society), so much so that the same laws of a country where allowed to hunt or even where the death penalty in prohibit or cause to suffer "unnecessary" death and / or suffering to ANIMAL any living being.
Any officer to the study of human psychology or behaviorism can not help but recognize that the desire to intentionally cause suffering to themselves and to others is just a personality "diverted" and many other problems that result to be in effect a provision considered harmful to herself / and or the good of the community in which they live.
We must make a clarification: in this sense, the only human being could seem to differ from other animals because of the fundamental aspects of life on this planet, namely the principle of conservation of the species and the so-called survival instinct.
However it is not, in fact, all mammals have the ability to set aside the rules that would regulate genetically their own lives to act in a conscious manner, ie according to their wishes.
Suicide (also let die is a form of suicide) it is the best example, for some extreme action, as opposed to those more "natural" but quite natural when 'emotionalism that law, when the existential malaise ol' extreme pain for a tragic event can contribuire a non desiderare più di rimanere in vita.
Anche il dolore per la scomparsa di un altro individuo della propria specie finisce per rappresentare la causa (involontaria, stavolta) di morte in una coscienza particolarmente sensibile a livello emotivo.
Il dolore è dunque qualche cosa di ancora studiato perfino nell'essere umano in quanto non semplicemente un fenomeno sensoriale bensì il risultato di una serie di complessi e non sempre possibili passaggi in ANIMALI in cui con i nostri sensi non we find those complex structures such that they can be so easily join the same feelings that belong to the so-called higher animals.
The top indicator, in fact, wishes to express the concept that the bio-physiological structures to be more complex as well as, consequently, the possibility of experience emotional states and / or sensory instead I can not be made much simpler organisms due to lack of suitable facilities to carry out certain processes, according to Darwin himself superior animals would also be the only ones affected by evolutionary phenomena.
It is inconceivable that a clam or a protozoan or a fly or even a plant can process in a conscious sensation of pain, at least not in the same way as other living beings endowed with biological structures in those missing or has some mental and spiritual activity: who thinks otherwise does nothing but anthropomorphize non-human beings and act as those who have decided to abandon the search for truth that becomes only spasmodic pursuit of consistency of their faith.
This takes us inexorably a vivere in un universo costituito da innumerevoli verità, come delle galassie a se stanti, delle monadi astronomiche che, paradossalmente, a differenza di quel che succede in natura, tendono a preservare la propria integrità, non adoperando alcuna azione sinergica con le altre, permanendo in una fissità a lungo andare logorante per l'universo stesso.
DEFINIZIONI.
Molto importante è individuare i confini tra termini molto confusi (proprio perché human definitions ) such as vegan, vegetarian and any person who relies on a custom food resulting from a critical perspective that apparently would result dall'antispecismo.
Someone is defined in one way or another very often wrong because it can happen to make such a choice rather than a tendency to self-type individual, for example by putting their own health and that of loved ones / neighbors as the most important thing in the world, so as to safeguard at all costs (speciesist extremist) and in this case, therefore, it was decided not to eat meat or derivatives thereof, but certainly not for empathy and il rispetto verso gli altri esseri viventi, bensì per motivazioni esattamente opposte .
Il termine che più di ogni altro è quello che desta maggiori dubbi e genera maggiormente problemi di comunicazione in questo contesto è quello di vegetarismo (o vegetarianesimo o vegetarianismo) che talvolta assume i significati più vari e divertenti .
Azzardiamoci a dire che in questa categoria ci sono tutte/i coloro che hanno deciso di non mangiare certamente tranci crudi o cotti o carcasse di corpi di ANIMALI morti ammazzati o meno (per un motivo o per un altro) interi o “lavorati” (In the latter should also include dairy products made with rennet animal ).
is identified the object around which speciesism: the living, sentient beings with whom the vegetarian or vegan empathize and, therefore, would be determined not only not to sacrifice but to "raise" the human status, assigning even their inalienable rights.
Consult the dictionary usually among the various meanings that the term animal can take in an Italian sentence to make sense there is one which is what most "real" or what defines the size animal that therefore has a direct equivalent "material that is entity in reality (at least one in which we are aware of being part) that we can perceive with our senses and which has the features contained in the definition ( another between the definitions very interesting to see how far can the human discrimination is that which is defined animal a human being of the worst kind).
An animal is so far from all of us agreed "with the meaning of every living organism and spontaneous movement" in a somewhat more scientific, we could say better any body eukaryotic , eterotrofo e mobile durante almeno uno stadio della propria vita".
Decidere dunque di non mangiare ANIMALI vuol dire in termini "pratici" non cibarsi di alcun essere vivente che tassonomicamente non rientri, almeno secondo l' ultima teoria classificativa, nel regno degli Animalia i n quanto le piante o i funghi, anch'essi esseri viventi eucarioti, non hanno "sensi" (anche se compiono anch'essi movimento spontaneo seppur impercettibili ai nostri sensi) ossia non hanno terminazioni nervose di alcun tipo che permettono lo scambio information with the outside world and are autotrophic .
The problem arises when we are faced with the protozoa ie the protists (or protoctisti) with characteristics such that they or a lot of them, although single-celled system, to be back in effect in the animal kingdom.
This brings me to the conclusion that whoever food of molluscs, insects and protozoa, is mistakenly referred to as vegetarian, the vegetarian can, in fact, at most, take the animal by not coming by killing (and slaughter) of some animals even if this, however, be due to the same pain and suffering and sometimes far worse than those inflicted with only the killing.
The vegan, however, renunciation by definition also to those products having regard to the suffering or deprivation of liberty in the same manner of death.
There are, however, precise categories to find a vegetarian / vegan-insectivore, fish eaters or that food of protozoa, although these are part of many people who have no problem (rational or emotional) to feed on earthworms, or molluscs or uni or multicellular beings rather primitive or otherwise structured so much simpler than more complex animals: in this case justified a declared aversion to the scavengers?
We define UPPER vertebrate animals have a complex nervous system dorsal spine (which contains and protects part of it), internal organs entrusted with the vital functions and organs of reproduction for the production of specialized gametes.
are considered higher animals, mammals, vertebrates, birds, fish, amphibians, reptiles.
In turn, they are all divided into PETS homeotic or ectothermic depending on your ability to maintain or less constant body temperature, which is almost a direct consequence the development of a more complex nervous system .
Professor James D. Rose a study conducted in 2002 to demonstrate the fact that fish (ectothermic) do not feel pain because of the lack of appropriate neocortex in the brain.
Per quanto parrebbe incredibile, infatti, gli animali a sangue freddo non potrebbero provare dolore in quanto senza una sistema circolatorio adeguato il sistema nervoso non sviluppa quelle organizzazioni come ad esempio la citata neocorteccia dove questi stimoli sensoriali trovano la propria sede di smistamento/elaborazione per cui l'individuo ne prende realmente coscienza.
CATEGORIE.
Sarebbe molto coerente da parte di tutti coloro che si definiscono antispecisti combattere innanzitutto la solita battaglia contro il solito linguaggio discriminante outdated concepts with which they are repeated subliminally and slow down the process of evolution so much longed for. Also, if
Isa for all living beings PETS are really the same plane and the lives of everyone of them is really the same as any other because they do not live like Jains?
If an Isa or killing exploits from the top of his superiors and of value, for any purpose, an insect or a protozoan is no longer an Isa as they also are considered ANIMALS.
And so this is no longer a vegetarian if si ciba di prodotti caseari ottenuti dall'uccisione di ANIMALI.
Ugualmente non sarà un vegan o un vegetariano chi sfama un animale con la carne (di qualunque origine essa sia) di un qualsiasi altro.
Davvero sorprendente è notare le analogie tra gli insetti e tutti gli altri ANIMALI : quasi tutti gli apparati di quelli riproducono in miniatura e solitamente in maniera un pochino meno complessa quelli dei coinquilini terrestri più grandi e complessi tuttavia senza tuttavia che essi possano poter provare sentimenti o sensazioni quali il dolore in quanto privi delle strutture nervose e cerebrali necessarie.
Ancora più sorprendente è pensare che ormai la teoria scientifica più accreditata, in maniera quasi "definitiva" è che ci siano state linee evolutive parallele o comunque che "superiore", almeno in zoologia, non sia sinonimo di migliore.
Insomma se è vero che per l'antispecista alla cima della piramide NON c'è affatto l'essere umano che ha diritto sempre e comunque di vita, di morte, di libertà su qualunque altro essere vivente, allora l'antispecista dovrebbe porre la propria vita sul medesimo piano di un insetto o di un protozoo.
Tuttavia la maggior parte di coloro che si definisco in questo modo stermina senza alcuna pietà, quotidianamente, per ignoranza, menefreghismo, incoerenza, mancanza di adeguata attention thousands of animals that as the only fault they have to be achieved and then detected by our senses from our consciousness.
For the same reasons (though in an even more pronounced) most / antispecistie of s takes care of one, ten, a hundred animals (dogs or cats) by feeding on the flesh of others, this time even less complex, so as "sentient", justifying the choice as a deprivation of liberty contrary to animals carnivores (privileged, who has appointed as its own "animal-to-company) Recognizing, therefore, a value to NATURE exactly like they passed down to today, our ancestors, the holders of a patriarchal society sexist, racist and speciesist .
The principle that justifies these actions is the same as justifying discrimination at any level and is the most dangerous because it recognizes that nature so deified an intrinsic value that is the basis of life and can not be touched for any reason and that is refused dall'antispecismo .
can neither are we to think that all the classifications, albeit hierarchical, have been created based on the value or importance, which is why not just call a living being they can be assigned to ANIMAL rights, we need that we really are the conditions under which it is really possible for the animal in question "be able to benefit" .
In fact, to have respect for any living being (animal or plant that may be) is not always right and never origins suffering, destruction, disharmony, it is also true that it is necessary to understand where to find (if we want to continue survive) to elect our "victims" within the world of organic / organic.
Presumably, in fact, when these victims do not have a real awareness that will lead to our emotions empathy will not trigger, so very difficult to prevent us from eradicating a tuber or a fruit cut from the plant, fish or mussel attached to a rock (up to exterminate in every way so obnoxious mosquitoes).
There are infinite combinations in real life that generates a number N tends to infinity results that living beings and non-anthropocentrism and speciesism is not differentiating on the basis of similar or identical characteristics.
The only classification can not be outright discriminatory.
If it is true that studying an electrical pulse in an elementary body is relatively easy when it knows the path it takes from receipt to delivery of the stimulus is not at all if this path is complexification and we even become impossible to understand where, how and when it is interfaced .
However one can not ignore the fact that as life, at least in a manner now recognized, developed gradually over time scales not really "human", has left so many tracks and leave at various levels that will undoubtedly many differences due to the diversity of substances and laws that regulate the composition and organization.
CONCLUSIONI.
Le categorie, come le definizioni, sono inevitabili, non potremmo vivere senza fissare punti a cui arrivare volta per volta e da cui anche ripartire; non lo è altrettanto creare dei veri e propri stili di vita o filosofie su di essi, ciò rappresenta una menomazione del nostro pensiero, una forzatura creata da noi stessi a tutti i costi che ci rende più immobili, ci toglie curiosità e desiderio di crescere, voglia di confrontarci realmente con gli altri e non solo per affermare le idee a cui abbiamo deciso di aderire, a cui ci siamo affidati con fede, anche se questa ha, in partenza, per noi stessi, a rational basis.
When we trust we establish something as a fact, an axiom always true (a priori), it is as if we decided to abandon the truth, or at least to stop the path towards finding it.
And 'what is success to the philosophy that, after centuries of speculation dictated only by the love of knowledge and the desire for truth has come to submit to the alleged divine revelation so expensive (almost necessary) to the populace and sets regime shift and new philosophers have started to make efforts to seek compromise (sometimes really bordering on the ridiculous or painful) so that the truth revealed could be explained, therefore accepted, thanks to the philosophical paradigm, existing with it.
Each of us gives to herself / o and other explanations to justify their behavior in according to their faith that just because it is founded upon the truth (or created by us or given by someone else) to we decided to join you and will always remain unchanged and no doubt there will be no opportunity for our personal growth and civic